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Grey League
The Grey League ((ドイツ語:Grauer Bund), (イタリア語:Lega Grigia), (ロマンシュ語:Ligia Grischa)), sometimes called ''Oberbund'', formed in 1395 in the ''Vorderrhein'' and ''Hinterrhein'' valleys, Raetia. The name Grey League is derived from the homespun grey clothes worn by the people. The league became part of the canton of Graubünden. The Grey League allied itself to the two other powers of Raetia in 1471, forming the Three Leagues. It was also an associate and ally of the Swiss Confederation and played a role in the build up to the Thirty Years' War.
==Foundation==
In the late twelfth century, the communities in the valleys in Raetia were generally small and independent. There were very few large landholders and no central authority. For years blood feuds and battles had raged between the Lords of Belmont, Werdenberg, Rhäzüns and the Bishop of Chur as well as minor nobles. The constant warfare had seriously damaged trade and transportation in the region. To reduce the violence and encourage trade, the leaders and nobles of the valleys proposed forming a league or alliance. This alliance was known as the ''Grey League''.
The Grey League was founded through the alliance of 21 communities from the ''Vorderrhein'' and ''Hinterrhein'' valleys in the Alps. On February 14, 1395, the three main nobles (the abbot of Disentis, Johannes von Ilanz, Baron Ulrich II von Rhäzüns and Baron Albert von Sax-Misox) of the ''Vorderrhein'' together with delegates from the Court Municipalities in Ilanz created an "eternal alliance". Since the alliance was predominantly located in the high country, it was also known as ''Part Sura'' ((ドイツ語:Ober Bund) or High Alliance). Five days later, Count Johann von Werdenberg-Sargans joined the League at Flimserwald.
The League was more than just a military alliance. It included increasing security on the roads, and required free trade within the League. Laws were standardized and even commoners were granted protection and the right to a court trial. Severe punishments were put in place for murder, manslaughter, robbery and theft. A catalog of crimes, punishments and rights, known as the ''Landfrieden'' or Peaceful Land, was established. The ''Landfrieden'' standardized laws and punishments, which increased the rule of law. Under the ''Landfrieden'' conflicts had to be resolved through the courts and not through open conflict. ''Landfrieden'' was the first step from arbitrary punishments handed out by the injured party to a modern penal system.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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